Friday, 26 December 2025

The Buga Sphere


Not archaeology, but claimed by some to have ancient symbols on it. The so-called “Buga Sphere” is a mysterious metallic orb discovered near Buga, Colombia, in early March 2025, after multiple witnesses reported seeing an object flying overhead in an erratic, zigzag pattern before landing. Roughly the size of a football and weighing about 4.5 pounds, the sphere immediately attracted attention because of its unusual construction and the circumstances of its appearance, prompting speculation that ranges from advanced contemporary art to extraterrestrial technology. Scientific inspections reported by researchers such as José Luis Velazquez describe the object as having a seamless, three-layered, metal-like structure with no visible welds, joints, or points of assembly, suggesting it may have been formed from a single piece of material. X-ray scans have reportedly revealed a complex internal structure, including nine micro-spheres embedded within the layers and what some accounts describe as a central chip-like element. 

The surface of the sphere is marked with carved, cryptic symbols that resemble ancient scripts such as runes or Ogham, leading some observers to interpret them symbolically, even as messages relating to consciousness, though such readings remain highly speculative. 

Additional mystery has been generated by viral videos claiming that the sphere reacts to sound, emitting vibrations or electromagnetic surges when exposed to specific frequencies or spoken Sanskrit mantras; however, the authenticity and scientific reliability of these demonstrations are widely questioned. While Velazquez and others point to the lack of seams and the object’s internal complexity as potential evidence of a non-human origin, researchers such as Julia Mossbridge urge caution, suggesting that the sphere could equally be an elaborate Earth-made object, possibly an advanced art project or a deliberately provocative device. 

The object is reportedly undergoing further study, including analyses associated with the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), but no definitive conclusions have yet been reached. 

At present, the Buga Sphere is widely regarded as a real physical artefact of unknown origin, with ongoing scientific investigation, public fascination, and substantial skepticism coexisting as experts caution against prematurely labeling it either alien technology or an outright hoax.

Some People Never Learn (I)


A graduate of the US's Samantha Fulnecky schooling system Jimmy Corsetti (@BrightInsight6 Dec 21), "Investigator of Lost Ancient History"* reckons:
Establishment (sic) Archaeologists are going to be BIG mad over my upcoming video. See all this dirt, stone and rubble? Excavating Gobekli Tepe is a literal rubble removal project 💯 Archaeologists have SO many things wrong about this site, I think their heads are gonna explode 😂"
Namely:
"My latest video is now LIVE on YouTube [fire emoticon] "What They FOUND at Gobekli Tepe MUST be Addressed..." There was a significant discovery made at Gobekli Tepe in involving a human Statue, which raises many serious questions about what is one of the world’s oldest, most mysterious, AND arguably the MOST important ancient archaeological site on earth.

 Here's this allegedly "explosive" video....

.

The crux of this revelation (Jimmy Corsetti @BrightInsight6 Dec 23):
"Ain’t no way whoever initially built Gobekli Tepe put this Statue here… Archaeologists absurdly claim this was a 12K yr old sacred offering to the Gods, deliberately placed under this sloppy wall of crude rubble as a gift… Give me a break. This was clearly REPURPOSED, and *not* a ‘votive offering’ worthy of the eminence of Gobekli Tepe and its sophisticated T-Pillars. SOURCE: Uh, just look at it and use your God given discernment, et al.
Oh, and Noah was real, and he and his three sons (Shem, Ham, and Japheth of the foundation myth) built this site as their post-Flood "altar" (where they heard the Lord's Testament) on the slopes of Ararat (the mountains of Urartu), including excavating out all the sunken special buildings and cutting, hauling and erecting all those "pillars" that gets Corsetti so orgasmic. I am sure there is a way this makes sense to him and his slackjaw followers among his Biblical-literal countrymen. Personally, I'm not so impressed by a self-professed "investigator of lost ancient history" who's not gone into the background of the book of Genesis and the stories, fables and made-up nonsense that it contains. I see no link with the (actual) Biblical narrative and the Sanli Urfa region. Corsetti does not enlarge on why he does, but he's several timres in the past referred to the "pillars with the pictures of animals on them" to Noah's Ararat-altar. So I do not know why "establishment archaeologists" are going to be "head-explodingly mad" over his repeated unsupported statements about what HE believes. Of the few archaeologists that pay attention, bemused maybe. Corsetti has no credibility because it is clear he does not know or understand what he's looking at. 

This is despite people telling him what the site consists of. Repeatedly. Including by people who actually dig there. Corsetti's latest provocatively arrogant response to that?
"Jimmy Corsetti @BrightInsight6 Dec 21
The walls are not original. I understand you think they are, but despite your credentials, you’re wrong and simply don’t understand what you’re looking at!"/ The T-Pillars are original. The sloppy crude walls are not.
He's been to the site, in his "danger mouse disguise", but was too busy posing to look all that closely at the stratigraphic relationships between the walls and the adjacent pillars, some of which are so clearly built INTO the walls that their bases stand on the lower courses. What a buffoon.




* 1.7M subscribers on YouTube, Veteran 🇺🇸 | MBA | JRE Podcasts: 1742/1928/2231

MAGAmerican Archaeology Grabfest Concept for Gobekli Tepe on YouTube (Some People Never Learn II)


    No flowery shirt today, but just as apodictically Karenish and squeaky.    


Arizonan ex-store detective Jimmy Corsetti has never read an archaeology book in his life. But he's confident he knows "all about" the discipline. So here in his shouty video "What They FOUND at Gobekli Tepe MUST be Addressed..." (Bright Insight, Dec 23, 2025) he shares his wisdom with his 1.7 million followers, based on the rather simplistic and ill-informed principle that "the truth as to what this ancient site actually was is written (sic) on the pillars themselves":
"I tell you that there's been an egregiously unacceptable lack of excavations at Göbekli Tepe. I usually point out that approximately 128 pillars of the 200 they know exist are still completely buried in the earth, and again, many of which have only been partially excavated and haven't been fully seen or documented as they've been left partially buried, which if you ask me is insane considering that they could physically do it in a single day if they actually wanted to. In fact, just look at the vast portions of dirt and rubble that have been left "in situ" (which means they've been left exactly as archaeologists originally found it during their initial excavations). And notice that so much of this one confined area of Göbekli Tepe is still totally consumed (sic, he means 'concealed') with dirt, stone, and rubble that is yet to be removed. What are archaeologists even doing out here? Seriously, take a look and notice that there is an enormous amount of debris still covering the entire site and ask yourself how this is all they've managed to dig and excavate over the last 30 years since excavations began in 1995. Just look at it, as pictures are worth a thousand words.

And you know what? I'll take it a step further. Archaeologists will hate me for what I'm about to say, but I'm going to say it anyway because it is the truth.

Excavating Gobecée is easy. It is a literal rubble removal project, and I'm not joking.

So much of this site could easily be excavated if they got a few dozen archaeologists to work as a human chain and physically remove one stone after the other, and they could easily do this all while taking safe care of the archaeology itself, and while thoroughly documenting every bit of the archaeological fragments they find as they go, with the use of numerous cameras, LIDAR (sic!) scanning, and including 360° filming while simultaneously removing all this debris. They could record every bit of it for their own archaeological documentation purposes and get this dirt and rubble the hell out of there in a remarkably short period of time if they actually wanted to."
What is galling about this is that Corsetti has been told several times when he's said the exact same things where he is misrepresenting the nature of the stratigraphy of the site, and the complexity of dissection and recording them, while leaving a site to be visited, displayed and interpreted.

Archaeologically, the "pictures" (not writing) on the pillarss, and the other scupltures do not tell anything like the full truth/story about the site. They are a single component of the archaeological record there (and the other Tas Tepeler sites). So Corsetti's wrong from the outset, as well as demonstrating his total incapacity to learn from what people havce taken the time to try to explain to him..

The claim that Göbekli Tepe could be excavated in a single day—or even a very short time—by simply removing “dirt and rubble” reflects a profound misunderstanding of what the site consists of, how archaeological knowledge is produced, and what excavation actually destroys. Far from being a straightforward clearance operation, Göbekli Tepe is an exceptionally complex archaeological palimpsest in which context, not a heap of dugup objects, is the primary source of information.

First, the material described dismissively by Corsetti as “dirt” is in fact highly structured stratigraphy. At Göbekli Tepe, the fill is neither random nor accidental. Much of it represents accumulation of material from downslope slippage, but also probably dumping and levelling operations during the use, and later abandonmenbt of the area. These deposits contain patterned distributions of lithics, faunal remains, architectural debris, and sediments that record distinct episodes of use, modification, and intentional burial. Removing this material wholesale would permanently erase the very evidence that allows archaeologists to reconstruct chronology, ritual practice, construction sequences, and site function. Once a stratigraphic layer is removed without controlled excavation, its information is irretrievably lost, no amount of video recording or post hoc digital modelling can restore it. The same principles apply if the excavation is in the USA or here in the Middle east.

Second, what is characterised by the YouTuber as “rubble” frequently consists of architectural elements, including dry-stone walls, sockets for T-pillars, prepared floors, and collapsed or dismantled structural components. These are not interchangeable stones but parts of engineered systems whose meaning lies in their precise spatial relationships. Excavation therefore proceeds at the scale of centimetres, not truckloads, because understanding how stones relate to one another is more important than removing them quickly. Treating the remains of architecture as bothersome "debris" obscuring the decorative scheme utterly misunderstands the difference between construction waste and construction evidence and how that evidence is read.

Third, the suggestion that comprehensive documentation could be achieved through cameras, LiDAR, and 360° filming conflates recording mere appearance with recording archaeological relationships. Archaeological documentation is not a matter of visual capture alone. It involves interpreting interfaces between layers, identifying subtle soil changes, recognising negative features such as cuts and fills, and continuously revising hypotheses as new relationships emerge. These decisions are made during excavation and depend on slow, iterative and expert human judgment. Technologies like photogrammetry and laser scanning are valuable supplements, but they do not replace stratigraphic reasoning; nor do they permit excavation to be “sped up” without sacrificing analytical resolution.

Fourth, it cannot be stressed enough that excavation is inherently destructive. To excavate a site is to dismantle it permanently. For a site as unique as Göbekli Tepe this imposes a strong ethical obligation to proceed cautiously, selectively, and reversibly where possible. The evidence can be sampled, removing the bare minimum to answer specific previously carefully-formulated research questions. Leaving large portions unexcavated is not evidence of neglect or incompetence; it is a deliberate strategy that preserves parts of the site for future research questions, improved methods, and future generations. Rapid excavation would exhaust this non-renewable resource in the service of spectacle and sensation rather than understanding.

Finally, Göbekli Tepe is not a single structure but a multi-layered tell spanning centuries of activity, erosion, reuse, and disuse. Excavating “everything” quickly would collapse these temporal distinctions into an undifferentiated mass, undermining the very reason the site matters scientifically. The slow pace of excavation is not a logistical failure but a reflection of the site’s density, fragility, and interpretive importance.

Why does Corsetti have such a difficuly grasping what seems to me to be a pretty simple concept?

In short, Göbekli Tepe cannot be excavated quickly because it is not an obstacle to be cleared but a record to be read—one written in fragile layers, spatial relationships, and intentional acts of construction and concealment. The idea that it could be stripped in a day rests on a category error: mistaking archaeology for earthmoving, and documentation for understanding.

A British YouTuber Discusses the Gobekli Tepe Statue in a Wall


Jimmy Corsetti's shrill shouty video with its entitled attacks on Turkish and German excavators of Gobekli Tepe is an embarrassment for the amatuer community. Not all videos in the genre are as bad. Matt Stibson's Ancient Architects YouTube channel (629K subscribers) is another level entirely. The author is typically very well-informed, well-read, articulate, and clearly thinks through the implications of the material. I recommend his works for those who want a less sensationalised, less superficial, less shouty approach to trying to understand the past. He deserves more followers, drop him a "subscribe", you'll not regret it. He uses the same (kinds of) monuments as the demented pseudoarchaeologists at the other end of the amateur archaeology content creators arc but the effects and information value are of quite a different quality. He often quotes sources which is more than most YouTubers do. (This is not to say I always agree with his conclusions, but he always draws them based on the evidence, the way he sees it.)

So his presentation three months ago of the same statue as Corsetti was ranting about tells you where it was found, gives its context in relationship to a second one found earlier (which Corsetti seems unaware of and confuses pictures of the two) and generally thoughtfully discusses its significance and function [but in a totally different way to the MAGAmerican].

Posted on You Tube by Ancient Architects Sep 23, 2025.
So far it has only 125K views (Corsetti in a few days has already accumulated 401,932 views - it seems there are more haters than knowledge seekers in [GobekliTepe-focussed] archaeo-YouTube).


Thursday, 25 December 2025

Tuesday, 23 December 2025

Cultural Illiteracy: Classical Architecture Misconstrued

Quelle surprise:

Culture Explorer @CultureExploreX 23/12/2025
This image quietly destroys one of the most repeated myths in history.
What we call “classical” architecture is not Greek but really a continuous thread across civilizations. The real shock is how much of the ancient world had already been standing tall before the Greeks. 


The Zelitsky-Weinzweig Cuban Underwater Formation

                Location (BBC)                         

The Zelitsky-Weinzweig Cuban underwater formation is a site discovered by a sonar survey in 2001 thought by pseudoarchaeologists to be a submerged structural complex off the coast of the Guanahacabibes Peninsula in the Pinar del Río Province of Cuba (BBC, ' 'Lost city' found beneath Cuban waters' BBC, 7 December, 2001).
A team of explorers working off the western coast of Cuba say they have discovered what they think are the ruins of a submerged city built thousands of years ago. Researchers from a Canadian company used sophisticated sonar equipment to find and film stone structures more than 2,000 feet (650 metres) below the sea's surface. [...] Advanced Digital Communications is one of four firms working in a joint venture with President Fidel Castro's government to explore Cuban waters, which hold hundreds of treasure-laden ships from the Spanish colonial era. The explorers first spotted the underwater city last year, when scanning equipment started to produce images of symmetrically organized stone structures reminiscent of an urban development. [...] "It's a really wonderful structure which really looks like it could have been a large urban centre," ADC explorer Paulina Zelitsky told the Reuters news agency.
A computer-generated image based on the sonar imaging of the underground structures off the coast of Cuba (photo credit: courtesy of ADC cor)


Sonar images interpreted as being symmetrical and geometric stone structures resembling an urban complex were recorded covering an area of 2 square kilometres (200 ha) at depths of between 600 metres (2,000 ft) and 750 metres (2,460 ft). The discovery was reported by Paulina Zelitsky, a marine engineer, and her husband Paul Weinzweig, owners of a Canadian company called Advanced Digital Communications. The team returned to the site a second time with an underwater remotely operated vehicle that filmed sonar images interpreted as various pyramids and circular structures. The discoverers for some reason claim that these were "made out of massive, smooth blocks of stone that resembled hewn granite". 

The depth is unusual, it has been stated that these structures could have been at sea level 50,000 years ago. 
 
Although the initial discovery was widely reported in the press and briefly discussed in outlets like BBC News and National Geographic, with speculation about its age and potential significance, there has been no major documented scientific expedition or systematic underwater excavation after the early 2000s. No detailed results or reports were ever published in academic journals, and it appears that any further more detailed work took place or yielded no further publicly available findings. There is no peer-reviewed archaeological publication confirming the site as a human-made structure, the sonar findings and ROV footage from ADC have not appeared in mainstream archaeological or geological journals as formal, peer-reviewed research. There are no confirmed radiometric dates, stratigraphic profiles, tool marks, or recovered artefacts published that would support an anthropogenic interpretation at this site. As a result, The expert consensus — as reflected by geologists, oceanographers, and archaeologists — remains sceptical or cautious.Morphology and symmetry alone are insufficient to infer human construction; many geological processes can produce regular shapes at the seafloor. The site still exists physically: The underwater topography seen in sonar remains part of the seafloor off Guanahacabibes, and is available for re-surveyy at any time (given the agreement of Cuban authorities). The question is why nobody interested in "alternative pasts" has taken a serious interest in organizing such an expedition. As Keith Fitzpatrick- Matthews puts it:
" The story was given a new lease of life thanks to its exposure in Ancient Aliens, but no new information about it has emerged. After the initial flurry of excitement, once scientists began to look critically at the data, especially the sonar images, the story could be seen to be nothing more than hype. For anyone outside the small band of “alternative researchers” and New Age true believers, the story simply died for lack of evidence. But when did a lack of evidence ever stop woo-woos making unsupported claims?"

See also:
'Zelitski, Paulina' in Atlantipedia  June 13, 2010. 

Linda Moulton Howe, 'Update on Underwater Megalithic Structures near Western Cuba', Wayback Machine November 19, 2001.

Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews, 'An underwater city west of Cuba', Bad Archaeology 28 October 2012.



Monday, 22 December 2025

Migrations as a Black Box explanation


  How would you take a whole prehistoric household
and family group through this? (Google Earth)


My comment to European Origins: "The End of the Steppe Hypothesis? Indo-European Origins in the Caucasus - Genetics and Linguistics" (the video itself is not very well-researched, accurate or informative)
"Instead of glibly using migration as a black-box mechanism explaining genetic (and you assume linguistic) spread, what efforts are being expended to identify the reasons for and mechanisms of the boldly-drawn postulated fantasy-arrow "migrations" (with families, crops, livestock, household equipment etc) straight across major geographical features, (mountain ranges, rivers like the Volga and every one of its tributaries) and through incredibly [ecologically] diverse regions. What were the livestock en route fed for example? Would you go along te river valleys (thus having to croiss every tributary big or small) or along the watersheds (but then how would your livestock herd drink?). Would you barge through the dense forests, or go round them, and then how would you know where you are going?

If a community decides to pack up and move on to another area (why?) why would - according to your model - they all go in the same way - ending up clustered together in a new reegion which means competition for the resoourvces there? Why would not enterprising migrants head in diverse directions, well away from the lines you drew on the maps?

How did this "migration" work in real - human - terms? "

Dating the Hueyatlaco Archaeological Site (Valsequillo)


There are several sites in the Americas that show evidence for human habitation well prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Of these Pre-LGM sites, each of the sites is not without some controversy, though none rise to the level of the Hueyatlaco site in the Valsequillo Basin of Mexico.  This project has attracted comments of the type we see in social media (this one from Julian Dorey):

"Archaeological COVERUPS are not myth! They've been happening and one site completely BROKE the timeline and was erased from history once academia found out. Hueyatlaco didn’t get rejected because it lacked evidence. It got rejected because the evidence didn’t fit the story".
The background can be judged from this useful informed and well-referenced text: Carl Feagans, 'Dating the Hueyatlaco Archaeological Site (Valsequillo)' A Hot Cup of Joe October 7, 2024.
The Hueyatlaco archaeological site, nestled within Mexico’s Valsequillo Basin near Puebla, presents an intriguing puzzle for archaeologists due to its contested dating. Initial excavation in the 1960s unearthed stone tools right alongside the remains of extinct Pleistocene mammals. This obviously suggests a human presence.
That part isn’t really controversial though. The real challenge was, and still is, pinning down a definitive date. Through various methods, the site was, back then, dated to as young as 25,000 years old and as old as 370,000 years.
A vast discrepancy to be sure, but you have to remember: this was the 1960s. Tom Dillehay still hadn’t excavated Monte Verde to obtain his then controversial dates of 14,800 years BP for this site in Southern Chile!
The first team to excavate at Hueyatlaco did so in 1962, led by Cynthia Irwin-Williams. She was a remarkable archaeologist and a genuine ground-breaker for women in archaeology. Because of the controversy surrounding the site, Irwin-Williams never published a final report despite the decades of research she and her colleagues put into it.

[...] When Barney Szabo, Harold Malde, Cynthia Irwin-Williams published their first paper on the site, they arrived at radiocarbon dates for animal remains at over 35,000 BP and Uranium dates of between 200,000 and 320,000 BP. [...]

In 1973 Virginia Steen-McIntyre joined the excavation team and brought with her a new technique for dating that she developed called tephra hydration. [...] the tephra in the tool-bearing strata [produced] [...] a date around 260,000 BP. In addition, C.W. Naeser used fission track dating on ash samples from the same strata and arrived at a date of 370,000 BP (+/- 240,000 yrs). [...]

The dating of Hueyatlaco remains a subject of debate within the archaeological community. Recent studies point toward a Late Pleistocene age, but the site’s complex stratigraphy, potential for reworked materials, and the limitations of some dating techniques contribute to this ongoing controversy. [...]

                                               Recent work on site                                     
Further research using a variety of dating techniques and a thorough understanding of the site’s geological context is essential to truly arrive a reliable conclusion for its earliest date of human occupation. [...] While it’s true there are some questions about the age of the site, most of the conclusions about dates were obtained when the dating methods were still being refined.
I’m hopeful that some day new data will be obtained for these strata and their deposits using modern dating methods and that we’ll have a better understanding of what was really going on at this site and when. In fact, this site is a good example of why it’s important to not completely destroy a site through excavation since so much has changed in the way of archaeological and geological sciences since the 1960s.

In light of these issues, the wide discrepancies in the proposed dates for Hueyatlaco are best understood as the cumulative result of methodological limitations rather than as evidence of any deliberate suppression or “cover-up.” The early excavations were conducted before the routine integration of high-resolution geoarchaeology, and sampling protocols were not always capable of securely isolating primary depositional contexts from reworked sediments. At the same time, the physico-chemical dating methods applied to the site were, in many cases, at or beyond their effective limits and relied on assumptions about stratigraphic integrity and post-depositional stability that could not yet be adequately tested. When large error margins, open-system behavior, and complex site formation processes are taken into account, the apparent contradictions between dates lose much of their force. Rather than reflecting nefarious intent, the controversy surrounding Hueyatlaco illustrates the nature of the process of establishing archaeological chronologies and the extent to which interpretations are constrained by the technical and theoretical tools available at the time of investigation.


  

Sunday, 21 December 2025

Make the Americas Good Again


Remember this when pseudoarchaeologists like Graham Hancock try to deny these peoples their real histories and achivements (by Indigenous Revolution).
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TikTok - https://vm.tiktok.com/ZNR2fJA4c/


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Critique of You Tuber Jimmy Corsetti

Long overdue takedown of the biggest scumbag in the fake archaeology world. Professor Dave Explains 'Jimmy Corsetti is Human Garbage' 20.12.2025.



This follows the same creator's takedown of the pseudoarchaeological shill Dan Richards: "Dan Richards is a Pointless Troll".

For the context: Professor Dave Explains "The Great Big Pseudoarcheology Debunk (Graham Hancock, Dan Richards, Jimmy Corsetti)    1,408,382 views Apr 15, 2025.

The Viral Pyramid Scans Scam are a Scam.


"Archaeology with Flint Dibble" makes its mind up. "The Viral Pyramid Scans: The Ultimate Debunk of the Khafre Project" Dec 18, 2025

This year’s most viral archaeology conspiracy theory is the claims that there are megastructures located under the pyramids at Giza. This video presents the ultimate debunk of these claims, looking in detail at the hydrogeology of Giza and the issues it presents for such claims and assessing the methods developed by Filippo Biondi, Corrado Malanga, and Armando Mei. In the end, it’s clear these scans are a scam.
A clinching piece of evidence is the one thatI raised some months ago - the lack of a spoilheap for such massive holes. Could have done with less vulgar language.


Posted on You Tube by "Archaeology with Flint Dibble" Dec 18, 2025

Sunday, 14 December 2025

Underwater Wall off Ile de Sein, Brittany, 7000BP

                                                  .                                          

French marine archaeologists have discovered a large underwater stone wall off the coast of the Île de Sein, at the western tip of Brittany, dating to around 5,000 BC. Measuring approximately 120 metres in length, the wall is the largest underwater construction ever identified in France. When the wall was built it would have stood along the shoreline, between the high- and low-tide marks. Today, it lies beneath nine metres of water. Archaeologists believe it may have functioned either as a fish trap or as a dyke designed to protect against encroaching sea levels.
" The wall is on average 20 metres wide and two metres high. At regular intervals divers found large granite standing stones – or monoliths – protruding above the wall in two parallel lines. It is believed these were originally placed on the bedrock and then the wall built around them out of slabs and smaller stones. If the fish-trap hypothesis is the right one, then the lines of protruding monoliths would have also supported a "net" made of sticks and branches to catch fish as the tide retreated. With an overall mass of 3,300 tonnes, the wall must have been the work of a substantial settled community [...] "It was built by a very structured society of hunter-gatherers, of a kind that became sedentary when resources permitted. That or it was made by one of the Neolithic populations that arrived here around 5,000 BC," said archaeologist Yvan Pailler. "
The structure was first identified after local geologist Yves Fouquet examined high-resolution seabed charts produced using modern radar technology. Just off Sein, he noticed a 120-metre line blocking an underwater valley that could not have been natural. Initial archaeological dives took place in the summer of 2022, but detailed mapping had to wait until the following winter, when reduced seaweed growth improved visibility.

The Nazca “Tridactyl Mummies”: Institutional Context, Claims, and Archaeological Concerns


Since around 2016, a group of unusual mummified figures popularly referred to as the “Peruvian tridactyls” has circulated widely in alternative media, frequently framed as evidence of non-human or even extraterrestrial beings. These claims have attracted considerable public attention, but they sit in sharp tension with the assessments of mainstream archaeological, forensic, and bioanthropological experts.

The specimens most often cited in these discussions were reportedly delivered in 2019 to the Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga (UNSLG) in Ica, Peru, where some form of study has been ongoing since that time. Preliminary examinations and imaging have also been carried out by researchers or laboratories in several other countries, including France, Russia, Mexico, the United States, and Switzerland. Despite this international involvement, the research has largely remained outside established peer-reviewed academic channels.

In September and November 2023, two tridactyl specimens were presented in bizarre hearings before the Mexican Congress, and in November 2024, before the Peruvian Congress.

Discovery and Provenance

According to accounts provided by those promoting the finds, the mummies were discovered around 2015–2016 in a cave or tunnel system somewhere in the Nazca–Palpa region of southern Peru. This area is archaeologically significant, best known for the Nazca culture and the Nazca Lines. Crucially, however, the precise location of discovery has never been publicly disclosed, nor has any controlled archaeological excavation been documented. This absence of secure provenance is one of the central reasons archaeologists regard the specimens with deep skepticism.

Multiple reports indicate that the figures were obtained through looting rather than excavation. They are said to originate from a group of huaqueros (tomb raiders) operating out of Palpa. Thierry Jamin of the Inkari-Cusco Institute, himself involved in research on the objects, has stated that the individual leading the group, known publicly only as “Mario”, is a long-time looter known to regional authorities. If accurate, this context alone places the assemblage outside acceptable archaeological practice and raises serious ethical and legal concerns.

Number and Nature of the Specimens

Promoters of the tridactyl mummies have cited varying numbers, ranging from a dozen individuals to as many as 25 or 30 “beings” of different sizes. Images and scans circulated online show small humanoid figures with elongated skulls and three-fingered hands and feet, often coated in a white powdery substance (diatomaceous earth) that for some reason researchers have been reluctant to remove..

Peruvian forensic specialists and archaeologists, however, have repeatedly concluded that at least some of the seized specimens are dolls or figurines rather than intact mummies. Analyses conducted by Peru’s Institute for Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences found that certain examples were constructed from a mixture of human and animal bones, paper, and modern synthetic adhesives, assembled to create an artificial tridactyl appearance. DNA analysis of at least one hand reportedly indicated that it came from a male human.

Scientific Consensus versus Alternative Claims

The prevailing scientific consensus is that the tridactyl figures represent deliberate fabrications, likely incorporating looted human mummy parts. Several Peruvian mummy specialists have argued that real hands, feet, or other anatomical elements were modified (with bones rearranged or removed) and then  artificially coated with a white substance to conceal tool marks and joins. A collective statement by a group of Peruvian researchers condemned these practices, noting that they violate numerous national and international norms governing the treatment of human remains.

This position has been reinforced by the Peruvian World Congress on Mummy Studies, which has described the ongoing promotion of the objects as an “irresponsible organized campaign of misinformation.”

In contrast, a small group of researchers and media figures (most prominently Mexican journalist Jaime Maussan) maintain that the bodies are authentic and possibly represent a previously unknown non-human species. They cite CT scans, X-rays, and selective DNA analyses as evidence of anomalous features, such as unusual fingerprints or supposed metal implants. These claims, however, have not been substantiated through transparent methodologies or peer-reviewed publication, and they are generally dismissed by specialists in archaeology, forensic anthropology, and paleopathology.

Broader Implications

Beyond the question of authenticity, the Nazca tridactyl controversy highlights a recurring problem in archaeology: the damage caused by looting, sensationalism, and the circulation of uncontextualized remains. Whether assembled as hoaxes or misrepresented through speculative interpretation, the use of real human remains in this manner represents a serious ethical breach. It undermines scientific understanding of the past and contributes to the ongoing destruction of Peru’s archaeological heritage.

In this sense, the tridactyl mummies are less a mystery of unknown beings than a cautionary example of how archaeology can be distorted when provenance, peer review, and ethical standards are ignored.

Wednesday, 10 December 2025

British Adventurer Forged the Khufu Inscription in The Great Pyramid ?

 

On Dec 8, 2025, the Graham Hancock Official YouTube Channel (484K subscribers) released a heavily AI-bolstered 43minute video "documentary by Scott Creighton: " The Great Pyramid Hoax", that one day later achieved some 99,907 views. This seems largely to be a rehash and enlargement on the material already presented in a 2016 book: "The Great Pyramid Hoax: The Conspiracy to Conceal the True History of Ancient Egypt" that claims that the workgang and 'quarry' marks discovered on stones in the relieving chambers above the King's Chamber by Colonel Vyse in 1837 were forged by Vyse. He claims that these are the only piece of evidence linking the structure to the 4th Dynasty king Khufu. According to the book's blurb:

" Proving Zecharia Sitchin’s claim that the quarry marks are forgeries and removing the only physical evidence that dates the Great Pyramid’s construction to the reign of Khufu, Creighton’s study strikes down one of the most fundamental assertions of orthodox Egyptologists and reopens long-standing questions about the Great Pyramid’s true age, who really built it, and why".
The film looks like an attempt to attract attention back to the issues that the book raised.

Hancock uses this text to help renew the attention:
"I have chosen to publish Scott Creighton's documentary on my Youtube channel, because I find the case he makes here persuasive with important new evidence that has not been addressed in the public debates thus far. Others are welcome to disagree and no comments will be deleted. Comments that consist of lazy and insulting outright rejections of Scott's case without giving any solid reasoning for the rejection are predictable: this is how archaeology's "debunking lobby" works. [my emphasis PMB] However, what we're really looking for from those who wish to "debunk" this video are comments, unpolluted by insults, slurs and smears, that offer fair, reasoned and constructive criticism of Scott's thesis. If you think he is wrong the least you can do is hear him out in full -- 42 minutes with no ads to slow down your viewing -- and then address the points he makes in this video with as much care and diligence as he has made them."
What is really indicative is that when you look at teh 5900+ comments under his video, not moree than 2% refer to the name Vyse, but a huge preponderance write insultingly on "Hawass" and "Dibble" (with of course the usual half-brain mocking/derogatory distortions of these people's names). There is not a single example of an archaeologist joining in the chorus and engaging there with the arguments.

On Twitter, Hancock (587.8K followers) has got 203.3K views of that post but so far only 76 replies. Again the usual pseudo-archy stuff, some hate-posts directed at archaeologists, some with the sender's own crackpot ideas and hypotheses. Again, as far as I can see no archaeologists.


See the post: How Likely is it that Colonel Howard Vyse Forged the Khufu Inscription in The Great Pyramid? below.




How Likely is it that Colonel Howard Vyse Forged the Khufu Inscription in The Great Pyramid ?


Anyone coming across the new video by Scott Creighton referred to above and wanted to check out the background can do a bit of Googling ("Googledebunking"), just a mouse-click away. There is a lot of information that can set these arguments in contexct.  Within about forty seconds into this, one can find an excellent, though pseudonymous, post made 4 years ago in the r/AskHistorians substack on Reddit that I think is a pretty good answer, and I reproduce it below (I have been unable to contact the author of this "in-depth and comprehensive" post).

It is written by a person or persons writing under the pseudonym 'mikedash' answers a question by user ParsleyLion 4 years ago "How likely is it that Colonel Howard Vyse forged the Khufu inscription in The Great Pyramid ? One wonders why in "researching the topic" Scott Creighton did not find this text, and head off some of the criticisms of the model he'd already presenetd in 2016, because as we shall see, 'mikedash's comments from 2021 are just as applicable to this fresh attempt to create an alternative picture. The post reads:

"Not remotely likely. The idea that the marks were forgeries was suggested by Zecharia Sitchin, in his pseudoscientific The Stairway to Heaven (1980), a book proposing that the pyramids were built by “ancient astronauts”, and it has recently been reiterated by Scott Creighton in his The Great Pyramid Hoax (2016). But, to be able to forge the quarry marks that Vyse discovered in the chambers he forced open above the Kings Chamber, he would have had to be able to read and write in hieroglyphics with a high degree of fluency – which he wasn't. The marks he found were carefully copied and sent back to the British Museum, where an Egyptologist named Samuel Birch actually made the translations. Creighton actually concedes this point, and admits that Sitchin's evidence was "eventually discredited...as a result his controversial allegation was soon dismissed, and many of those who had hitherto supported him quickly distanced themselves from the controversy."

Creighton has his own bit of skin in this game, let's not forget – his book offers as his qualification to write on this topic the fact that he is "the host of the Alternative Egyptology forum on AboveTopSecret.com". And while he attempts to resurrect Sitchin's claim, even he admits the need for special pleading – conceding that Vyse would have needed both "elementary knowledge of the ancient Egyptian language – and a little bit of luck." Given the general lack of evidence that Vyse was a forger, or under financial pressure in any way in 1836, that's just a terrible bit of argumentation.

I suppose that we ought to begin by asking just what it is that Creighton is saying here with his comment about a little luck. What he's actually suggesting is something very implausible, but which is fundamental to his argument. Pharaohs took five different names when they became ruler – the common name that we know them by today is only one of them, and Khufu's five regnal names were not actually all known or tabulated when Vyse was working at the pyramid. Yet several different names for him, some of them unknown at the time, but accurately given, are referenced in the graffiti he discovered. To explain this, Creighton posits that Vyse stumbled across some other inscriptions dating to Khufu's reign, written in hieratic script, which no other Egyptologist before or since has ever identified. He was able to read these inscriptions, and he used them to "lift" Khufu's other names for the purposes of his hoax – realising, with really quite remarkable foresight, that mere mention of the known name, Khufu, would not be sufficient to impress his future detractors, writing nearly two centuries hence. This unprecedented bit of supposed good fortune is the "little bit of luck" that Creighton refers to.

Next, it is worth remarking on a couple of complicating factors that further reduce the possibility of forgery. First, several of the marks that Vyse found are partially obscured – they were painted onto blocks that were then fitted in place, with other blocks positioned over them. Second, the marks discovered by Vyse, and reported by him, went well beyond hieroglyphics that can be used to establish who built the pyramid – as Lehner and Hawass note, they included elements such a "levelling lines, marks defining the axis of the chambers, directional notations and cubit measurements." There are dozens of them. Creighton and Stitchin don't actually allege that these marks were hoaxed by Vyse – they say he added his own marks, in the same sort of red ochre paint used 4,000 years earlier, in such a way that they were indistinguishable from the older lines. But this adds considerable complications which neither author properly addresses. How did Vyse contrive to make his marks look old, not fresh? If it's accepted that the builders did make some marks on the stones they used in the pyramid, why suggest they did not make the sort of quarry marks Vyse said he found, which, after all, have been pretty commonly found in other places since?

Third, as noted above, the "forgery", if that is what it was, would have been remarkably subtle for a man who had, after all, just physically blasted his way into the relieving chambers using gunpowder – only a single tiny cartouche mentioning the pharaoh Khufu's name was found, amidst a much larger number of work-gang names which used other variations of Khufu's royal names, rather than the name he is known by to us today. Fourth, Sitchin is the only person to suggest Vyse was under financial pressure to produce results at the time the discovery was made – actually, he did not have a patron to satisfy, and he self-funded the work he undertook. Fifth, the suggestion that the discovery of a few painted marks would actually have constituted astounding news to the people interested in the pyramid in the 1830s is false – the marks simply did not make much of an impact at the time, and were a long way short of what Vyse had actually been hoping to find when he started his blasting operations inside the pyramid: dramatic new hidden chambers packed with artefacts from Khufu's time. As a matter of fact, the marks that nowadays attract so much debate are barely mentioned in Vyse's own three-volume work on his "operations at Gizeh" – they appear, without real comment, in an engraving positioned in an appendix to the second volume! This was because they were not even properly translated until some years after Vyse published – the idea that the marks were a sensational discovery designed to generate immediate funding for further work at Giza, then, is an utter red herring.

Finally, Vyse's discoveries, which were made in 1836, are also totally consistent with the general style of quarry marks, made by the Egyptian labour gangs responsible for construction, that have been discovered in the nearly two centuries since he was at Giza. It's wildly implausible, in my view, that a man who was barely even an Egyptologist, in the modern sense of the term, could have been so subtle, so prescient, and so plain interested in such things as to forge a set of quarry marks so accurately in the middle 1830s.

Broadly, then, the argument followed here looks like something constructed in a manner precisely the opposite of the way any historical controversy ought really to be discussed. Sitchin and Creighton don't start with Vyse and a clear reason to presume there are problems with his evidence. Rather, they begin from the presumption that the pyramids were not built by the people the Egyptologists tell us they were. For their thinking to be correct, it is imperative to discredit the marks that he found – which rather clearly do show that the Great Pyramid was built by Khufu's men. Therefore they devote huge efforts to trying to find reasons to doubt Vyse's testimony.

Sources

Howard Vyse, Operations Carried On at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 (3 vols, Cambridge, 2015)

Mark Lehner and Zawi Hawass, Giza and the Pyramids (2017)"

I think that is a very clear, well-argued and supported explanation for why the idea that Colonel Vyse forged the Khufu inscriptions is extremely unlikely. It shows that the forgery hypothesis depends on a series of implausible assumptions: Vyse would have had to read and write hieroglyphs he demonstrably did not understand and imitate Old Kingdom quarry marks so convincingly that later Egyptologists found them entirely consistent with hundreds of similar marks discovered since. The writer also notes that Vyse had no evident motive. The pyramid had long been associated with Khufu anyway, Vyse was self-funded, not under pressure to produce sensational results. A crowning argument is that the marks themselves were not treated as a major discovery at the time.

In contrast, the mundane explanation that these were genuine work-gang inscriptions fits both the archaeological evidence and the historical record. Overall, the response shows that Sitchin and Creighton begin with the assumption that Egyptology must be wrong and then work backwards, stretching speculation far beyond what the evidence can reasonably bear.


 


The Date of the Great Pyramid Complex for Pseudoarchaeologists

                              The Giza Pyramids complex (Wikipedia)                    

It is simply NOT TRUE that the inscriptions in the relieving chambers of the Great Pyramid are the "only evidence" that the pyramid was built in the reign of Khufu. Even if we ignore their evidence, there is still a lot to support this.

The pyramid stratigraphically is earlier than the north enclosure wall of the Khafre pyramid complex, which is aligned on its southern side. The east wall of the Funerary temple of Khafre is aligned on the pyramid's west side. The line of tombs of the GIS cemetery (period: Khafre/ Menkaure?) are oriented on the pyramid's south side. 

During the time when the pyramid was under construction, clusters of mastabas for lesser royals and royal officials and dignitaries - all of which can be dated to specific reigns - were built around it (Reisner 1942 ; Porter and Moss 1974). They are formed by clusters of structures that were quite clearly laid out systematically, following an overall plan. In other words they are contemporary with other features that form an integral part of thayt layout.    Those tombs associated with Khufu cluster around the Great Pyramid in a way that demonstrates the close connection of their tombs with the pyramid.

The principal burial area Cemetery G 7000 occupied the Giza East Field, situated just east of the Great Pyramid and adjacent to the queens’ pyramids. Laid out along orderly streets and avenues, this cemetery formed an integrated complex. It contained the the tombs of Khufu's wives, sons, and daughters as well as officials of his reign. Some of the tombs were used for later members of the 4th dynasty and their officials. In the eastern Cemetery is the tomb of an official (wikipedia says 'Nykahap', but this is not traceable anywhere I could find - it is not in Reisner 1942) - a "priest of Khufu who presides over the pyramid Akhet-Khufu" [Horizon of Khufu]

On the pyramid’s western side, in the  Giza West Field, Khufu’s sons Wepemnofret and Hemiunu were interred in Cemeteries G 1200 and G 4000, respectively. The entire necropolis continued to expand during the 5th and 6th Dynasties.
                  Snnw-ka             

The tomb of Snnw-ka is located in the Western Cemetery at the Giza necropolis in Egypt. His tomb is known as Lepsius 21. Snnw-ka held significant titles, including "Chief of the Settlement and Overseer of the Pyramid City of Akhet-Khufu" . The "Pyramid City of Akhet-Khufu" clearly refers to the area and workforce settlement associated with the construction of the Great Pyramid. A painted limestone statue of Snnw-ka (also known as Irukakhufu) in the form of a seated scribe was discovered within the serdab (a sealed chamber for the statue of the deceased) of his mastaba tomb during excavations in the mid-1950s. This statue is at the moment on display at the Cairo International Airport Museum in Terminal 3.

The Giza cemeteries mentioned above are also the provenance of a series of distinctive slab-stelae,, all of which date to the reign of Khufu (Der Manuelian 2003).

Note there are very few tombs in the Giza cemetery that can be linked with individuals that died during the reign of Khufu's predecessor Sneferu.* 

There therefore seems very little doubt, taking the evidence of the 'horizontal stratigraphy' (spatial layout) of these cemeteries that the Great Pyramid was an integral part of a funerary complext that can only be dated to the reign of Khufu. If some pseudoarchaeological enthusiast wants to suggest that these tombs were added to a pre-existing structure (or three pyramids in an "Orion-line") let us see them break down into phases based on the actual stratigraphy of teh remains: why would the Khufu-tombs cluster in one group of cemeteries, and the Khafre ones in another?  Because the logic of teh Great Pyramid being built first together with the cemeteries that clearly relate to it, to which was later added the Khafre pyramid and its own cemetery and enclosure, really seems the much better explanation of the actual evidence attained from centruries of investigatiuon and publication. Let the pseudos READ the publications. 


References 

Porter, Bertha and Moss, Rosalind L. B. 1974, 'Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings'. Volume III. Memphis. Part I. Abû Rawâsh to Abûṣîr. 2nd edition, revised and augmented by Jaromír Málek, The Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Peter Der Manuelian 2003, 'Slab Stelae of the Giza Necropolis' New Haven and Philadelphia (Publications of the Pennsylvania-Yale Expedition to Egypt 7).
 

*Tombs at Giza related to Sneferu's time
Hemiunu: Grandson of Sneferu, overseer of royal works, and probable architect of Khufu's pyramid. His large tomb is at Giza (G4000).
Queen Hetepheres I: Wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu; her shaft tomb (G7000x) at Giza contained significant funerary equipment.

Friday, 5 December 2025

Archaix: "Archaeology's Lies About the Age of Gobekli Tepe"

 Archaix   

The Ongoing Gobekli tepe Psyop
The 'experts' claim Gobekli and other tepe sites are dated circa 8000 BCE, but they completely ignore that effigies, architectural styles and pillars at Gobekli perfectly match other site around the world dated precisely at 2500-1800 BCE. In fact, further excavation has been halted because more and more they are uncovering evidence that Gobekli tepe isn't anywhere near as old as they claimed. Gobekli Tepe was same culture as Catal Huyuk, all the tepes and huyuk sites, with Jericho and the similarities to Easter Island can not be ignored. 3800-2300 BCE. The Sumerian E.DINs were places man was banished from. That history began in 3895 BCE with the Adam and Eve Genesis reset, a worldwide destruction that sent mankind back to Year One. The tepes, like Gobekli tepe, are located where the story began. The academic claim that the builders suddenly buried their own sites is ridiculous. Gobekli Tepe, all the Tepe and Huyuk sites were buried in a Phoenix catastrophe.

His video "Gobekli Tepe: A 70 Year Old Lie Became a 12,000 Year Old Truth" ( Archaix Jan 30, 2023)



and the dating? Here's what he claims: 
"We are told that Gobekli Tepe in Turkey dates to about 9500 BC to 8200 BC. We’re told that it’s old because it was underground and that it dates to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic. That sounds really impressive.

Now, for those who don’t know, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic is a term invented by Kathleen Kenyon. She believed she came from a monkey, so Kathleen Kenyon, when she found that the earliest levels of Jericho did not have pottery shards (she found this out around 1952 to 1954), coined the term “Pre-Pottery Neolithic” for what she found at Jericho’s ruins.

And then the scientific establishment overlaid her new system and description over the entire world, from one little excavation at Jericho. So the new dating assumption over the entire topography of the world was established by the established scientific community. Now that they did that, any archaeological sites that do not yield pottery shards are to be dated at 9500 BC to 8200 BC. My friends, that’s how simple it is. That is exactly how they got the Pre-Pottery Neolithic model. It’s just weird".

What is weird is that he should think (and presume to misinform his readers) that this is how the site is dated.  

This really needs to be seen together with this video: 'A Total Dismantling of Hancock's 9600 BCE Atlantis Dating' (Jul 21, 2023):


This really takes the cake, views of how to read the King Lists (and whether one COULD expect them to tally with the Hebrew Scriptures) have really moved on since the eighteenth century "sources" he cites. As has our understanding of the Egyptians' understanding of the calendar. The video is excruciatingly repetetive. 


Former Classics Student Attempts to "Correct Thinking" on the Palaeolithic, but Just Spreads Misinformation

 

Michael Button, the classics graduate who wants to join the ranks of the amateurs who challenge archaeological "orthodoxy" has done it again. Here on Twitter he triumphantly announces some sensational news: "Archaeologists discovered a structure that is 500,000 years old at Chichibu, Japan Clear evidence of building, intelligence and engineering - all staggeringly early":

"Things keep getting older", eh? The problem is this young-man-in-a-hurry did not check the information. A two second (literally) image search reveals the source of the photos and the newspaper article it came from -  The Japan Times, February 22, 2000. Quarter of a century ago. It refers to the Ogasaka site in Chichibu, the Saitama Prefecture. The proposed early dating of this site was called into question very soon after its discovery (' Can the "500,000-Year-Old Site" Really Be Believed?', Shukan Shincho, March 9, 2000) The finds at Ogasaka were said to have no scientific basis and were probably just "mura okoshi" (local hype to attract visitors), not necessarily faked, just without any scientific basis and therefore probably mistaken interpretations.

The site is now considered to be part of a major archaeological hoax, which came to light in 2000. The discoveries, particularly those claiming to be 500,000 years old, were fabricated by the discredited archaeologist Shinichi Fujimura and have since been shown to be false. It was one of several locations where it was later determined that Fujimura planted artefacts, including stone tools, to inflate their age and significance (the site is specifically mentioned here and here ). These too are publications from over a quarter of a century ago, and the Japanese Paleolithic hoax involving Lower and Middle Paleolithic finds in Japan discovered by amateur archaeologist Shinichi Fujimura prior to its discovery in 2000 is pretty well-known, so it shows what kind of a "researcher" the cocky "content creator" actually is. Classics possibly is not the best preparation for a career in archaeology-bashing.

In 2001 the Japanese Archaeological Association reviewed all of Fujimura's "discoveries" and concluded that he'd planted artefacts at 42 excavation sites. The following year, the association formally concluded that none of the objects supposedly found by Fujimura were correctly dated, finding that some bore marks from metal implements, and that some were just stones.

Pseudoarchaeologists of all kinds are dismayed that academic/professional archaeology does not easily recognise their lack of formal qualifications, experience and training as qualifying them to produce acceptable analyses and interpretation of archaeological data, or pose achievable research goals. Here however, we see two cases that constitute a very clear example of that, the amateur digger Fujimara  and the unprepared "cointent creator" both using the material not to actually advance knowledge, but advance their own positions, regardless of teh actual truth. 

The earliest human settlement in Japan known today on the basis of reliable physical evidence (not unsupported pseudoarchaeological claims) dates to c. 40 000 BP


 References 

 Taiga Uranaka, 'Faked digs put archaeologists on defensive', The Japan Times January 28, 2001

' Fake discoveries shock archaeologists', Mainichi Daily News November 7, 2000.

'Archaeologist faked finds at 42 sites' The Japan Times Oct 8, 2001

'Archaeological probe dismisses 'findings' of disgraced Fujimura' The Japan Times May 27, 2002.

Wednesday, 3 December 2025

William Scott-Elliot

 

In Theosophical cosmology, as formulated by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in The Secret Doctrine (1888), human history unfolds through a sequence of “root races,” each associated with vast prehistoric landmasses that have since vanished. These lost continents—most famously Atlantis in the Atlantic and Lemuria (or Mu) in the Pacific—were imagined as the cradles of advanced civilizations whose destruction in immense geological catastrophes both explained their disappearance and reinforced their mythic status.

This framework was significantly elaborated by later Theosophists, particularly William Scott-Elliot, whose The Story of Atlantis (1896) and The Lost Lemuria (1904) built a detailed narrative of these vanished worlds. Scott-Elliot drew heavily on the “astral clairvoyance” of Charles Webster Leadbeater, who claimed access to esoteric knowledge transmitted by Theosophical “Masters.” Scott-Elliot attempted to supplement Leadbeater’s visionary material with what he regarded as scholarly and scientific support, producing a hybrid of imaginative prehistory and quasi-scientific speculation. His two volumes were later republished together in 1925 as The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria.

Within Scott-Elliot’s reconstruction, Atlantis is portrayed as a highly sophisticated civilization whose internal development and eventual fragmentation map onto the evolution of successive root races. Influenced by Ignatius Donnelly’s enormously popular Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882), Scott-Elliot embellished the myth with further geographic and historical detail. He described Atlantis as breaking into two interconnected landmasses (Daitya and Ruta) before shrinking to the final island of Poseidonis, which itself ultimately sank. 

Map of Lemuria superimposed over the modern continents
                              from The Story of Atlantis and Lost Lemuria.                               

Lemuria, meanwhile, was imagined as a gigantic Pacific continent, home to an earlier root race whose physical form and societal life diverged dramatically from those of later humanity.

The lost civilizations of Lemuria and Atlantis were thus inserted into a grand, speculative narrative of human evolution. Lemurians, depicted as enormous, egg-laying beings with avian visual capacities and minimal cranial development, were said to have interbred with animals and produced ape-like ancestors of later races. After Lemuria’s destruction, Atlantis became the arena in which new human types emerged: from the dark-skinned “Rmoahal” and “Tlavatli” peoples to the technologically advanced “Toltecs,” who allegedly developed airships. Later sub-races (such as the “First Turanians,” “Original Semites,” Akkadians, and Mongolians) were woven into this imaginative prehistory, with each group assigned a place in the declining phases of Atlantean civilization.

Scott-Elliot’s account extended beyond grand continental narratives to specific cultural claims. For example, he asserted that a group of Atlantean-derived Akkadians migrated to Britain 100,000 years ago and constructed Stonehenge. The monument’s architectural simplicity was explained not as primitive but as a deliberate reaction against what he portrayed as the excessive ornamentation and self-deifying religious practices of late Atlantean temples.

Taken together, these works exemplify the Theosophical approach to “lost civilizations”: a synthesis of Victorian esotericism, speculative anthropology, and imaginative prehistory. Atlantis and Lemuria served not only as mythic locations for vanished advanced cultures but also as structural pillars in a cosmological system that sought to explain human origins, diversity, and spiritual destiny through the rise and literal disappearance of entire continents.